Agricultural marketing and it's functions.

 Agricultural marketing

∆ Agricultural marketing:-
It is the study of all activities, agencies and policies involved in the procurement of farm inputs by the farmer and the movement of products from the farms to the consumer.

• Agricultural marketing system is a link between farm and non farm sectors.

∆ Marketable surplus:- It is the total quantity of commodity available with the producer for marketing after meeting the normal requirement for house hold consumption.
∆ Marketed surplus:- It is the quantity of produces which the farmer sells in the market at a particular point of time.

∆ Marketing function:- Any single activity perform in carrying the produce from the point of production to the ultimate consumer. •

∆ Market functionaries:-

1. Merchant middle man:- Eg: whole salers, Retailers. Who take the title of the commodity. They take the title of the product.

2. Agent middle men:- They do not take the title of the product.

3. Speculative middle man:- They take the title of the product and their main intension is to make maximum profit.

4. Facilitating middle man:- They do not take the title of the product.

∆ Market margin:- It refers to the difference between the price paid and received by a specific marketing agency.

∆ Marketing channel:- These are the routes through which are the commodities moves from the producer to the consumer.

∆ Grading:- It is the sorting of unlike lots into homogenious lots.
1. Fixed grading:- Standards are fixed (Mandatory grading).
2. Permissive grading:- Individual choice are permitted. •

∆ Market intelligence: It gives the information regarding prices, demand and supply.

Seeds and types of seeds.

     Types of Seeds 

   

Foundation seed: 

👉It is the progeny of the breeder seed and is used to produce registered seed or certified seed. 

👉It is obtained from breeder seed by direct increase. It is genetically pure and is the source of registered and/or certified seed. 

👉Production of foundation seed is the responsibility of NSC. It is produced on Govt. farms (TSF), at expt. stations, by Agri. Universities or by component seed growers under strict supervision of experts from NSC. 

👉It should be produced in the area of adaptation of the concerned variety.

    Breeder seed: 

👉It is the seed or the vegetative propagating material produced by the breeder who developed the particular variety. The production & maintenance of breeders stock on main research station is controlled by the plant breeder. 

👉It is produced by the institution where the variety was developed in case the breeder who developed the variety is not available. In India, it is also produced by other Agri. Universities under the direct supervision of the breeder of the concerned crop working in that University, this arrangement is made in view of the large quantities of the breeder seed required every year. 

👉It is generally pure having high genetic purity (100%). Off type plants are promptly  eliminated and care is taken to prevent out crossing or natural hybridization & mechanical mixtures.

   Registered seed: 

👉It is produced from foundation seed or from registered seed. It is genetically pure & is used to produce certified seed or registered seed. It is usually produced by progressive farmers according to technical advice and supervision provided by NSC. 

👉In India, often registered seed is omitted and certified seed is produced directly from foundation seed.

   Certified  seed: 

👉It is produced from foundation, registered or certified seed. This is so known because it is certified by a seed certification agency, in this case state seed certification agency, to be suitable for raising a good crop. 

👉The certified seed is annually produced by progressive  farmers according to standard seed production practices. To be certified, the seed must meet the prescribed requirements regarding purity & quality. 

👉It is available for general distribution to farmers for commercial crop productions.

Method of pruning

Methods_of_pruning

1. Thinning out: When a shoot is removed entirely from the inception (from the point of origin) so that, no new shoot arises from that place, it is referred as thinning out. 

✓This thinning is practiced in the removal of shoots arising in unwanted places, water shoots etc. 

2. Trimming: Cutting the growth of the twigs to a pre-determined level as in the case of fence, hedge and edge.

 3. Heading back: When the branches grow tall and vigorously without producing flowers, these shoots are headed back. When a branch is cut almost to the base, leaving a few inches of stump, carrying few buds, it is referred as Heading Back.

 

✓These buds left on the stump will give rise to shoots which are important to the tree either being spur bearers or bearing flower buds or filling up of gaps in the tree orforming vegetative wood from which flowers may arise in the following year. The shootfrom the bud nearest to the cut takes the place of the pruned shoot.

 4. Pollarding: Mere cutting back of the shoots, indiscriminately to reduce the height of the tree is Pollarding. 

 5. Pinching (tipping): Removal of the tip of the shoot to stop its indeterminate growth or to encourage the growth of the lateral buds is pinching or tipping. 

✓This is practiced in marigold and chillies at the time of transplanting. 

 6. Disbudding (nipping or rubbing): Nipping or rubbing of young buds preventing a chance of their sprouting is disbudding. When the buds arise in wrong places they are rubbed off. Similarly sprouts (Buds) on root stocks are disbudded. 

 7. De-blossoming: Removal of surplus flowers to enable the tree to produce crops regularly year after year is called deblossoming.This is practiced in alternate bearers like mango. apple etc.

Soils and their types.

 🌾🌾Clear Your Basics🌾🌾

Soils And Their Content

                           Black soils

👉🏻Alluvial Soil :

Alluvial soil is widespread in the northern plains and the river valleys. 

:-The alluvial soil varies in nature from sandy loam to clay. 

:-They are generally rich in potash but poor in phosphorous.  

                    Alluvial Soils

👉🏻Black Soil :

:-The Black soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia, and alumina. 

:-They also contain potash. 

But they lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.  

:-The color of the soil ranges from deep black to grey.  

                        Black soils

👉🏻Laterite Soil :

:-Laterite soils are poor in organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate and calcium, while iron oxide and potash are in excess. 

  

                        Laterite soils

👉🏻Arid Soil :

Arid or desert soil lack moisture and humus. 

:-Nitrogen is insufficient and the phosphate content is normal.

                           Arid soils

World Bamboo Day (18-sept.)

 🎋🎋World Bamboo Day🎋🎋

It is a day of celebration to increase the awareness of bamboo globally. 

Where bamboo grows naturally, bamboo has been a daily element, but its utilization has not always been sustainable due to exploitation. 

The World Bamboo Organization aims to bring the potential of bamboo to a more elevated exposure – 

1.To protect natural resources and the environment,

2. To ensure sustainable utilization, 

3.To promote new cultivation of bamboo for new industries in regions around the world,

4. To promote traditional uses locally for community economic development.

Important Short notes on agriculture purpose crops

 Special purpose crops🔰

🌾Agristudyran Short Articles🌾

(i) Row crops: Crops which are grown in rows with uniform spacing throughout the field. e. g.  cotton,  castor, sorghum, etc.

   (ii) Support crops: certain fast growing crops work as supporter to vine crops. e.g. castor, shevri in betel vine, sorghum in cowpea/bean.

   (iii) Wind break crops: Crops which are grown on boundaries to protect the field crops from wind.

   iv)  Cover crops: Cover crops are grown primarily to cover the soil and to reduce the lost of moisture and erosion by wind and water. e.g. groundnut, kidney bean, cowpea, mung bean.

   (v)  Silage crops: Crop which are preserved in a succulent condition by partial fermentation in a tight silo pit. e.g. maize, sorghum, bajra.

  (vi) Cash crops: crop grown for sale and brings money immediately. e.g. cotton, tobacco, potato, sugarcane.

  (vii) Green manure crops: Any crop which are grown and buried into the soil for improving the soil condition by the addition of organic matter. e.g. sun hemp, dhaincha, glyricidia.

  (viii) Pasture crops: Different types of vegetation found on pastures or grassland area which usually grow. e.g. dharo, zinzvo.

   (ix) Catch crops: Crop which is grown as substitute for the main crop that has failed on account of unfavorable condition. e.g. cowpea, sesame, green gram. 

   (x) Trap crops: Crop which is grown on boundary of the field for protection against pest, insect, disease.

  (xi) Nurse crops: Crop which is used to protect or nurse the other crops in their young stage. e.g. cluster bean in ginger, sun hemp in sugarcane.

(xii) Companion crops:Two crops are taken together with the aim that they are benefited to each other. e.g. maize and green gram.

*(xiii) Mixed crops :* Two or more than two crops are grown together on the same piece of land at the same time. e.g. bajra + cowpea + green gram.🔰